Steel Magnolias. Trailblazers.
Camden’s Founding Mothers
Much has been written about the founding fathers of St. Marys whose names grace the wood-carved street signs throughout the city—Osborne, Weed, Bryant and others—twenty men who, in 1787, paid the big sum of $38 each to purchase Buttermilk Bluff which became known as St. Marys. But much less has been written about the women who played a pivotal role in the growth of St. Marys and Camden County. What does a land baroness, an educator, an Acadian, and a general’s wife have in common? These are the women who helped shape the destiny of St. Marys. Some live only in our memories, and others continue to make an indelible mark on our beautiful town.
Catherine Littlefield Greene Miller Catherine Littlefield (Caty to her friends) was a vivacious little woman and a favorite of George and Martha Washington. Her husband, General Nathaniel Greene, was considered by Washington to be the best of his generals to succeed him. After General Greene’s premature death in 1786 at the young age of 44, Caty married her children’s tutor, Phinias Miller. The Millers befriended Eli Whitney, inventor of the cotton gin, and they poured their limited funds into his invention but were unable to protect his patent. The Millers moved to Cumberland Island where General Greene had purchased 7,000 acres of land. Caty is credited with building Cumberland Island’s first Dungeness. Her many friends included such legends as Lighthorse Harry Lee, Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton. After the
disastrous duel between Burr and Hamilton in which Hamilton was killed, Burr came south and asked to visit the Millers on the Island. Caty’s steadfast loyalty to her friend, Alexander Hamilton, kept her from receiving Burr, who arrived to an empty house when he landed on the island. Catherine Littlefield Greene Miller, “Loyal Friend,” died on Cumberland Island at the age of 60.
Rhoda Wadsworth Clark
Born in Litchfield, Connecticut, Rhoda Wadsworth Clark came to St. Marys in 1801 after marrying Archibald Clark who had taken the position of Customs Collector for the Port of St. Marys. Clark, the scion of a wealthy Savannah family, met Rhoda Wadsworth while attending Litchfield Law School.
During the War of 1812, when Admiral Cockburn and his sailors took St. Marys, Archibald Clark was imprisoned in the brig of the English ship because he refused to tell the admiral where the customs funds had been hidden. In retaliation, the admiral decided to burn Clark’s timber mill, and set sail up the St. Marys River. A friend of Clark’s, William Cone, rode ahead and he and others bushwhacked the ship and killed 28 British sailors.
At one point Admiral Cockburn took over the Clark home where Mrs. Clark and her children remained. It is alleged that Admiral Cockburn, upon seeing the English Crown design in Rhoda Clark’s parlor carpet said, “Madame, I see you have the Crown in your home.” Whereupon she replied, “Yes, and you’ll notice we have it under foot.”
The Clarks parented ten children. Sadly, seven died in childhood and one died in college. Their descendant, Tom Nesbitt, renovated the Clark home on Osborne Street, St. Marys’ oldest private residence, and lives there now with his wife, Catherine.
Matilda Harris
Known as the “Mother of Black Education in Camden County,” Matilda Harris was born in Camden County in 1857. Because at the time there were no public schools for black children in Camden County, she attended school in Jacksonville and was also tutored by private teachers. After her education, she began teaching black children
by traveling to the churches in each community, holding classes for three-month periods, boarding with families one week at a time.
Mrs. Harris taught for 60 years, from 1871 until her death in 1931. By
working with both black and white friends and county officials, she helped establish one-teacher schools in every black community throughout the county. And through her guidance and efforts, public schools for black youngsters were established. She also worked as an
in-home demonstration agent as well as supervisor for the black schools. Mrs. Harris organized the first PTA for blacks, and was a respected Sunday school teacher and church secretary. She formed a civic group responsible for the building of the block wall around the black section of Oak Grove Cemetery. The Matilda Harris Elementary School in Kingsland was so named in her honor, and a portrait of this founding mother hangs in the school lobby.
Marguerite Comeau Carbon
In 1755, the English took control of Nova Scotia from the French, and Acadian men, women and children were driven from their homes with nothing but the clothes on their backs. They were put onto sailing ships, and whole families were separated. The French refugees were sent to ports in many areas of what would become the USA, as well as the Caribbean.
Marguerite Comeau was one of these children. She apparently never saw
her family again. This young refugee eventually came to San Domingue, a West Indies island for people of French descent. While there, she married a Mr. Carbon, and they had a daughter, also named Marguerite. This daughter married a Frenchman named Joseph Descleaux. During an insurrection in 1799, Joseph Descleaux brought his wife, daughter and her mother, Marguerite Comeau Carbon, to the United States, where they found their way from Charleston to St. Marys. Mrs. Carbon died in 1829 at the age of 80, and is buried in Oak Grove Cemetery, with an inscription in French on her tombstone.
The Descleaux and Vocelle families intermarried, and until some time in
the 1950s, were leading citizens in St. Marys. Lucien Vocelle operated a
grocery in downtown St. Marys. Lucien’s son, James, authored a county history at the age of 17, and became a prominent figure in Florida politics
Maria Ponce DuFour
Young Louis DuFour came to St. Marys in 1801, a refugee from the West Indies, whose father had been in the military there and whose parents had died of yellow fever. Louis was of French/Swiss descent, having been born in Dunkirk, France.
Sometime before 1816, he married a young woman from St. Augustine, Maria Ponce, of Spanish descent, educated in the Catholic schools of St. Augustine. Family history indicates that at the age of fourteen, she and her older sister moved to Fernandina to work in the Catholic mission. According to her fifth generation descendant, John DuFour, “Mrs. Louis DuFour was very concerned about religion in the growing little City of St. Marys, this being a frontier town where much crime was committed both day and night, and people lived by their guns.”
The Union Church of St. Marys was used by all denominations from the time it was built in 1808. In 1828 the church became Presbyterian by an act of the Legislature, which meant the other congregations had to find new homes. The Catholics in the city came to Mrs. DuFour with a request that they be allowed to use the second floor of the DuFours’ store, located at the corner of River Street (now St. Marys) and Wheeler Street, as a place of worship.
In 1842 the bank building, which is now the Roman Catholic chapel, was up for sale, and Mrs. DuFour either bought the building or obtained it for the use of the church. John DuFour said about his ancestor: “The great women of this part of the young nation are to be credited for keeping us together, trying to build Christian homes.”
Mrs. DuFour is buried in Oak Grove cemetery, and her descendant in this area is a Guale Historical Society member, Mrs. Bebe Williams. Bebe’s aunt, Bebe Lang, was instrumental in seeing Camden County history archived and made available through the Bryan-Lang Library.
Lucy Coleman Carnegie
There are a number of scenarios about why the Carnegies came to Cumberland Island. One is that Lucy saw an ad in a lady’s magazine and became interested. Another is that she and her husband, Thomas, were cruising down the Intracoastal Waterway on their way to Coral Gables, Florida, saw the beautiful flowers on the grounds of the ruins
of the Greene/Miller Dungeness, and were enthralled. The most plausible explanation is that while Lucy was enrolled in a girls’ school, they spent winters in Fernandina, and she became familiar with the Island. Whatever the background, we do know Thomas Carnegie purchased 4,000 acres, comprising the second Dungeness property, in 1881. Sadly, Lucy also became a young widow in 1886, when Thomas died at the age of 43 from pneumonia, leaving Lucy with nine children.
That’s when Lucy moved her family from Pittsburgh to the Georgia coast, completed the Victorian home they had begun and, over the years, purchased 90% of the island and became the Grand Matriarch of what we call the Carnegie Colony.
Money was never a problem with Lucy. When Thomas Carnegie died, she held 15-17% of the stock in Carnegie Steel. Over the next 14 years Andrew Carnegie, her friend and brother-in-law, bought much of this stock from Lucy, in order that he might have controlling interest in the company.
Lucy completely renovated and enlarged the mansion Dungeness from 1904-07, into the massive home St. Marys residents observed burning in 1958. She built homes for her children as they married, and may have become the county’s largest employer at that time, employing as many as 300 workers on the estate. Many current residents of Camden County have ancestors who worked for her.
Lucy Coleman Carnegie’s granddaughters, Lucy Ferguson and Nancy Rockefeller, and great-granddaughter Rhetta Wright, were dedicated to the preservation of Cumberland Island, and had the connections to prevent the exploitation of the island by developers.
Douglas Louise Clark Hernandez
The diaries of Douglas Louise Clark Hernandez’ mother can be found at the Bryan Lang Library, and are an intriguing look into St. Marys of yesteryear. Douglas (as she was called) married John Rabadan Hernandez, whose parents lived in the house on the site of the current Porter-Bachlott House where they ran a grocery store on the first floor. They sold their grocery store to “Papa” Sterling, and just one day after moving the inventory to the new location across the street, the house burned down.
John ran the commissary at the pogey plant where the old mill now stands. After the pogey plant shut down and John suffered a heart attack, times were tough for the Hernandez family. But Douglas’ resourcefulness kept the family going. Son Ward (who later became mayor) remembers his mother selling “frocks” to help make ends meet. John, Douglas and Ward opened a grocery store in the space that Market on the Square currently occupies. Douglas worked behind the counter while her husband delivered the groceries. The children in town knew him as “Nandez.” Credit was never a problem at the Hernandez Grocery. Douglas’ “soft touch” was renowned around town, and when the store finally closed, it is said that tens of thousands of dollars of
credit slips were simply torn up, freeing many, many needy families from a debt that would have been hard to pay.
Douglas also served as librarian for both the city and county libraries and was instrumental in establishing a cafeteria for the school. The Hernandezs were devout Mormons, and even though there was no Mormon Church in St. Marys, they made sure their children went to Sunday School at a local church every Sunday.
Dot Barker
Much beloved wife of Dr. George Barker, Dot Barker was a noted civic and cultural leader in St. Marys. She was the driving force behind the restoration and furnishing of Orange Hall. The music room in Orange Hall is named in her honor and the fountain in front of Orange Hall was donated in her honor.
According to long-time friend Wanda Bennett, one of Dot’s first involvements after moving to St. Marys in 1949 was the St. Marys Woman’s Club. She was very active in getting the Woman’s Club Building built—the same building that now houses the St. Marys Welcome Center. Dot worked tirelessly to raise money for numerous worthwhile causes including the building of the hospital. She enjoyed helping Santa distribute stockings on Christmas Eve, served as room mother, worked with the Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts, and helped beautify Downtown St. Marys by upgrading landscaping and planting flowers in public spaces. Dot’s son, Bobby, says that his mother was “a true southern lady and would do whatever it took to make St. Marys a better place to live.”
In addition to these revered women who have gone before us, two grand ladies are still working diligently to preserve the rich history of St. Marys and Camden County. Eloise Yancey Bailey Thompson spearheaded a
committee to develop and publish the history of the county. The resulting
publication, Camden’s Challenge, can be found in local bookstores. Mrs. Thompson is a charter member and past president of the Guale Historical Society and recipient of the Historian of the Year Award from the society.
Mrs. Thompson and Dr. Ann Harris Stoddard recently collaborated in the writing of another important publication about local history—The Tompkins-Holzendorf Legacy. Dr. Stoddard is a professor emerita of the University of North Florida and former president of the Guale Historical Society as well.
Special thanks to Ann Stacy for the
compilation of the major portion of the Founding Mothers article. Ann serves as secretary for the Guale Historical Society and sits on the St. Marys Historic Preservation Committee as well. Some information was taken from sources provided by the Bryan-Lang Library.